Crystal oscillators ( 13 ) :

Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the primary considerations.Temperature compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator.

• General information

• 10 Quick Tips for VCXO Specifications   

• Designing articles

• Circuit Techniques for Clock Sources - pdf file with many circuit examples   
• Crystal Oscillators - General information and one circuit example for 150 MHz crystal oscillator.   
• Crystal oscillators: looking good in wireless systems - with the assistance of stabilization and tuning tricks, crystals makes an ideal frequency reference for wireless systems   
• Design Of A Low-Power Crystal Oscillator   
• Oscillators for microcontrollers - lots of information on crystal oscillator design, 40 pages pdf document, 900 kilobytes in size   

• Circuits

• 2 MHz Oscillator   
• 50 - 150MHz Overtone Oscillator   
• Crystal 32.768KHz CMOS Oscillator   
• Crystal Oscillator - from 1 MHz to 40 MHz using CMOS or HCMOS inverter   
• Oscillator lowers distortion and phase noise - this low-distortion crystal oscillator is essentially a modified Clapp oscillator that uses a four-transistor voltage follower instead of a single transistor and connects the crystal to a virtual ground at node G   
• Crystal oscillator overcomes typical drawbacks - drive heavy loads, the duty cycle is adjustable from 25 to 75%; and feedback minimizes the drift   
• Very low power gated crystal oscillator - continuously operating 32KHz crystal oscillator to the input of a C-MOS buffer when clock pulses are needed, standby power consumption to a very low 1uA when used with a 3v supply, pdf file   

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